© Valeria Falabella
The Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) is an iconic seabird of Patagonia, with the largest colonies found in the province of Chubut, where over 640,000 breeding pairs are recorded. In Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego, more than 350,000 pairs breed, in addition to the 90+ colonies located in the Falkland Islands. These penguins spend most of the year at sea, only returning to land between October and February to breed along the coast. As apex predators of the Southwestern Atlantic, they are capable of undertaking long feeding trips of thousands of kilometers, exposing themselves to the risks associated with human activities at sea. In recent years, a redistribution of the colonies has been observed.
Tablas de estado de especie por año
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2021
CITATION CONSERVATION STATUS (IUCN criteria) Global Least Concern, 2020 1 Regional – Patagonian Sea Least Concern, 2016 20 Argentina Near Threatened, 2015 2 POPULATION SIZE (Breeding pairs) Global 1.1 a 1.6 millones 1 Argentina (sin Islas Malvinas) 950,000 2 Isla Malvinas 100,000 1 South Atlantic Islands (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) There are no breeding colonies POPULATION TREND Global Decreasing 1 Argentina (sin Islas Malvinas) Most of the colonies show an increasing trend. One exception is Punta Tombo, one of the largest and best-known colonies, which shows a decreasing trend. 1 Isla Malvinas Stable 2 South Atlantic Islands (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) There are no breeding colonies CURRENT SITUATION IN ARGENTINA Total Number of Registered Colonies in Argentina 67 3 a 18 Number of Protected Colonies in Argentina 53 3 a 19 Number of Colonies with Increasing Population Trends 40 3 a 18 Number of Colonies with Decreasing Population Trends 8 3 a 18 Number of Colonies with Stable Population Trends 0 3 a 18 Number of Colonies with Unknown Population Trends 19 3 a 18
Protected Areas with the presence of colonies
- Islote Lobos National Park and National Reserve
- Península Valdés Protected Natural Area
- Punta Tombo Provincial Park
- Patagonia Austral Interjurisdictional Coastal Marine Park
- Cabo Dos Bahías Comprehensive Purpose Tourist Nature Reserve
- Pingüinos Provincial Nature Reserve
- Ría Deseado Provincial Nature Reserve
- Isla Pingüino Interjurisdictional Marine Park
- Islas Cormorán y Justicia Special Protection Area for Scientific Use
- Bahía San Julián Limited Use Area Under Special Protection
- Isla Leones Limited Use Area Under Special Protection
- Monte León National Park
- Isla Deseada Special Protection Area for Scientific Use
- Isla de los Estados y Archipiélago de Año Nuevo Wildlife Nature Reserve
Marine areas of intensive use by the species
- Coastal waters of the provinces of Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. In winter, extending northward to the northern coast of Argentina, Uruguay, and the southern coast of Brazil.
- Waters of the continental shelf, from Buenos Aires to Tierra del Fuego.
Marine Protected Areas within areas of intensive use by the species
- Península Valdés Protected Natural Area
- Punta Tombo Marine Protected Area
- Patagonia Austral Interjurisdictional Coastal Marine Park
- Costa Norte de Santa Cruz Nature Reserve
- Pingüinos Provincial Nature Reserve (marine area)
- Monte Loayza Provincial Natural Park (marine area)
- Isla Pingüino Interjurisdictional Marine Park
- Makenke Interjurisdictional Marine Park
- Yaganes Marine Protected Area
- Namuncurá – Banco Burdwood I Marine Protected Area
- Namuncurá – Banco Burdwood II Marine Protected Area
REFERENCES:
- BirdLife International. 2020. Spheniscus magellanicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22697822A157428850.https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697822/157428850
- Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable y Aves Argentina. (2017). Categorización de las Aves de la Argentina (2015). Informe del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación y de Aves Argentinas, edición electrónica. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Schiavini, A., Yorio, P., Gandini, P., Raya Rey, A., Boersma, P. (2005). Los pingüinos de las costas argentinas: estado poblacional y conservación. Hornero 20, 5-23.
- Yorio, P., Frere, E., Gandini, P., Harris, G. (1998). Atlas de la distribución reproductiva de aves marinas en el litoral patagónico argentino. Fundación Patagonia Natural y Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Borboroglu, P.G., Boersma, P.D. (2015). Penguins: Natural History and Conservation. University of Washington Press.
- Raya Rey, A., Rosciano, N., Liljesthröm, M., Sáenz Samaniego, R., Schiavini, A. (2014). Species-specific population trends detected for penguins, gulls and cormorants over 20 years in sub-Antarctic Fuegian Archipelago. Polar Biology 37, 1343–1360.
- Raya Rey, A. Unpublished data.
- Barrionuevo, M., Ciancio, J., Steinfurth, A., Frere, E. (2019). Geolocation and stable isotopes indicate habitat segregation between sexes in Magellanic penguins during the winter dispersion. Journal of Avian Biology.
- Rebstock, G.A., Boersma, P.D., García-Borboroglu, P. (2016). Changes in habitat use and nesting density in a declining seabird colony. Population Ecology 58, 105–119.
- Wilson, R., Scolaro, J., Peters, G., Laurenti, S., Kierspel, M., Gallelli, H., Upton, J. (1995). Foraging areas of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus breeding at San Lorenzo, Argentina, during the incubation period. Marine Ecology Progress Series 129, 1–6.
- Pütz, K., Schiavini, A., Rey, A.R., Lüthi, B.H. (2007). Winter migration of magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the southernmost distributional range. Marine Biology 152, 1227–1235.
- Stokes, D.L., Boersma, P.D., Lopez de Casenave, J., García-Borboroglu, P. (2014). Conservation of migratory Magellanic penguins requires marine zoning. Biological Conservation 170, 151–161.
- Stokes, D.L., Boersma, P.D., Davis, L.S. (1998). Satellite Tracking of Magellanic Penguin Migration. The Condor 100, 376–381.
- Sala, J.E., Wilson, R.P., Frere, E., Quintana, F. (2012). Foraging effort in Magellanic penguins in coastal Patagonia, Argentina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 464, 273–287.
- Boersma, P.D. (2008). Penguins as Marine Sentinels. BioScience 58, 597–607.
- Pozzi, L.M., Borboroglu, P.G., Boersma, P.D., Pascual, M.A. (2015). Population Regulation in Magellanic Penguins: What Determines Changes in Colony Size? PLOS ONE 10: e0119002.
- Yorio, P., Quintana, F., Dell’arciprete, P., González-Zevallos, D. (2010). Spatial overlap between foraging seabirds and trawl fisheries: implications for the effectiveness of a marine protected area at Golfo San Jorge, Argentina. Bird Conservation International 20, 320–334.
- Yamamoto, T., Yoda, K., Blanco, G.S., Quintana, F. (2019). Female-biased stranding in Magellanic penguins. Current Biology 29, R12–R13.
- WCS Argentina Database – Marine Program
- Falabella V., Tamini L., García Borboroglu P., Frere E., Seco Pon J.P., Simeone Cabrera A., Stanworth A., Suazo C., Campagna C. (2019). Informe del Primer Taller Regional de Evaluación del Estado de Conservación de Especies para el Mar Patagónico según criterios de la Lista Roja de UICN: Aves Marinas. Foro para la Conservación del Mar Patagónico y áreas de influencia. http://marpatagonico.org/publicaciones/